The abo blood group antigens are one of the most important issues in transfusion. These antigens are known as oligosaccharide antigens, and widely expressed on the membranes of red cell and tissue cells as well as, in the saliva and body fluid. Therefore a mother who is negative for one of these antigens could be stimulated to make antibodies thatmay cause hdn. Basics of blood groups and antibodies transfusion guidelines. Blood group systems smart 2008 isbt science series. A mismatch very rare in modern medicine in this, or any other serotype, can cause a potentially fatal adverse reaction after a. The kell blood group system is formed by 2 disulfidelinked proteins, kell and xk. A blood group system consists of one or more antigens, controlled by a single gene kell or by two rh or three mns very closely linked homologous genes.
Rh rhesus factor is found on the rbcs surface in most people. System name system symbol gene names chromosomal location cd numbers 021 cromer crom cd55 1q32. Blood types a blood group or blood type is based on the presence or absence of two proteins a, b on the surface of red blood cells. Other major blood group systems mns, p, kell, duffy, kidd, lewis, lutheran. In rh system, the most important antigens are d, c, c, e, and e. The abo and rh blood systems are discussed in detail below. For instance, if the mother has the blood type ao and father has blood type bo, the child can end up with any one of the blood groups. Table of blood group systems international society of blood. Blood type refers to a specific pattern of reaction to testing antisera within a given system. The antigens of the mnsu blood group system are well developed in newborns.
Robert lanza, in handbook of stem cells second edition, 20 universal blood generated by modifying rbc surface antigens. Ab negative is the rarest blood type according to the american red cross. Blood group systems definition of blood group systems by. Aboincompatible red cell transfusion is often fatal and its prevention is the most important step in clinical transfusion practice. Introduction to the rhesus blood group university of utah. Blood group systems smart 2008 isbt science series wiley. This, together with the discovery of other red cell group systems, has completely altered the significance of the term universal donor which is. Blood group or blood type is a term used to clasify blood based on the presence or absence of a specific antigen on red blood cells surface. The term human blood group systems is defined by international society of blood transfusion as systems in the human species where cellsurface antigensin particular, those on blood cellsare controlled at a single gene locus or by two or more very closely linked homologous genes with little or no observable recombination between them, and include the common abo and rh rhesus antigen. During the blood transfusion, the two most important group systems examined are the abosystem and the rhesus system. The abo system is the principal blood grouping system used for humans which categorises people into one of the following four groups a, b, ab, or o. In common with other antibodies in this blood group system, igg antid does not activate the complement cascade. Blood grouping definition of blood grouping by medical. Blood typing systems other than abo bloodbook, blood.
Alloantibodies to the kidd jk system are an important cause of delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions see chapter 5. The term blood group refers to the entire blood group system comprising red blood cell rbc antigens whose specificity is controlled by a series of genes which can be allelic or linked very closely on the same chromosome. There are five phenotypes in the p blood group system. Many of these surface proteins are polymorphic and carry the different blood groups. In human blood transfusions it is the most important of the 36 different blood type or group classification systems currently recognized. Fetal antigen entering maternal circulation during pregnancy or at birth stimulating antibody in mother. O group is the most frequent in abo blood group system followed by a blood group. The kell protein is a type ii membrane glycoprotein sharing sequence homology with members of the m family of zincdependent metalloproteases and possessing enzymatic activity characteristic of that group summary by claperon et al. Red cell immunogenetics and blood group terminology. According to the international society of blood transfusion, there are about 30 human blood group systems recognized so far. The human blood consists of the components, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. Abo blood group is the most important system in blood transfusion being the only one among the blood group systems in which the antibodies are consistently and predictably present in the serum of normal person whose red cell lacks the antigen.
On the other hand, the rh blood group system consists of 50 defined blood group antigens. The p 2 phenotype consists of the p and p k antigens and is the second most common phenotype in the p system, whereas the phenotypes p. Antibodies are absent at birth, appear 1015 days after birth, reach. Eight dea dog erythrocyte antigen types are recognized as international standards. Like a and b, this is also an antigen and those who have it are. Individuals lacking the k antigen can make antikell after only two exposures to kellpositive blood. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Apart from abo and rhesus system, many other types of antigens. Langereis and junior, identified in 2012, and vel, discovered a year later. Of these dea types, dea 4 and dea 6 appear on the red blood cells of 98% of dogs. Lewis, i and p blood group systems authorstream presentation.
The international society of blood transfusion isbt currently recognizes 30 major blood group systems including more than 300 inherited rbc antigens. Note that h antigen is in a separate system, h blood group system 018, and is not part of the abo system. E antigen 004003 advantage over rosenfield is that it is a purely. Chart and diagram slides for powerpoint beautifully designed chart and diagram s for powerpoint with visually stunning graphics and animation effects. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping or agglutination, which is dangerous for individuals. Table 62 gives information on the blood group systems other than the nine.
Other blood group systems budang slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. The number of antigens per blood group system, collection, and series varies tremendously from 1 in the p system to more than 30 in the rh and mns systems. Genetic inheritance of blood types similar to the characteristic traits that an individual inherits from his parents, so also is the blood type, which has a genetic inheritance. International society of blood transfusion has recently recognized 33 blood group systems. The term human blood group systems is defined by international society of blood transfusion. Theyll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance the kind of sophisticated look that todays audiences expect. These antigens are inherited by a complex pattern similar to the rh. According to the ab0 blood group system there are four different kinds of blood groups. Characterisation of rh and other blood group systems amongst. The third edition of the blood group antigen factsbook has been completely revised, updated and expanded to cover all 33 blood group systems.
Other major blood group systems mns, p, kell, duffy. At present, 33 blood group systems representing over 300 antigens are listed by the international society of blood transfusion. Biological and clinical aspects of abo blood group system. The ii blood group system is associated with cold antibodies antibodies that function only at temperatures below normal body heat and several blood diseases the i antigen is found in the cell membrane of red blood cells in all adults, whereas the i antigen is. The abo blood group system consists of 4 types of blood group a, b, ab, and o and is mainly based on the antigens and antibodies on red blood cells and in the plasma. The process of identifying a persons blood group by serologic testing of a blood sample. Apart from abo and rhesus system, many other types of antigens have been noticed on the red cell membranes. Table of blood group systems international society of. Other blood group systems complete flashcards quizlet. The correlation between abo blood group and susceptibility to certain infectious and noninfectious diseases is a controversial issue because lack of blood type antigens has not been related to. Blood group systems studied were rh, kidd, duffy, lewis, kell, p and mns system. Class notes i and p blood group systems i blood group system ii antigens. Other clinically important blood group systems alloantibodies to the kidd jk system are an important cause of delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions see chapter 5. Human blood group systems an overview sciencedirect.
While karl lansteiners nobel prizewinning discovery of abo blood groups occurred over a century ago, there are now 30 known human blood group systems, and the complicated issues surrounding blood type incompatibility continue to frustrate. The i antigen, together with the i antigen, used to be comprised in the ii blood group collection. P 1, p 2, p 1k, p 2k, and p, formerly designated tj a. Kell antik alloantibodies can cause hdfn and it is important to avoid transfusing k positive red cells to k negative girls and women of childbearing potential. Because two proteins are involved, there are four possible combinations or blood types abo groups.
The basis of abo grouping is of two antigens antigen a and antigen b. The most important are the abo and rh systems, the mismatch of which can lead to major transfusion reactions, while several highprevalence or public antigens and lowprevalence or private antigens that are not associated with known systems or collections are also defined called minor blood groups. Worlds best powerpoint templates crystalgraphics offers more powerpoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. Case report1 18 years male, diagnosed case of rhd with ar admitted for aortic valve replacement no history of previous blood transfusion 4 units of fresh prbc requested pretransfusion testing blood group o rh positive 4 units of o rh positive compatible blood crossmatched beenu thakral,ashish. The red blood cells are the ones that give blood its identity or type. Child blood type calculator predict your baby blood group. These antigens are also expressed on the surfaces of cells lining the urinary tract, where they have been identified as adhesion sites for escherichia coli bacteria, which cause urinary tract infections. There are more than 20 genetically determined blood group systems known today, but the ab0 and rh systems are the most important ones used for blood transfusions. Winner of the standing ovation award for best powerpoint templates from presentations magazine. Group ab can donate to other abs, but can receive from all others. Nearly all individuals make igm antibodies to the antigens of the abo system that they lack. An antibody panel reveals the presence of antilewis a, a patient has the lewis phenotype leab.
The third edition of the blood group antigen factsbook has been completely revised, updated and expanded to cover all 33 blood group. The red cell membrane contains many anchored surface proteins and proteins that cross the lipid bilayer. Every blood group system has gene or genes differ than the other systems. Collections a blood group system consists of one or more antigens, controlled by a single gene kell or by two rh or three mns very closely linked homologous genes. System name system symbol gene names chromosomal location cd numbers 001 abo abo abo 9q34.
The i antigen is found on almost all adults and is part of the precursor component of the oligosaccharide that forms the a, b, and h antigens. The genes of these blood group systems are autosomal, except xg and xk which are xborne, and mic2 which is present on both x and y chromosomes. Blood group systems the school of biomedical sciences wiki. The abo blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the a and b antigens on erythrocytes. Our new crystalgraphics chart and diagram slides for powerpoint is a collection of over impressively designed datadriven chart and editable diagram s guaranteed to impress any audience. Jan 31, 2017 the human blood consists of the components, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Class notes other blood group systems mns system antigens and their inheritance. It is second only to abo in importance in blood transfusion and is well known as a primary cause of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn hdfn. International society of blood transfusion numeric terminology. This, together with the discovery of other red cell group systems, has completely altered the significance of the term universal donor which is often applied to blood of group o.
Not all blood groups are compatible with each other. Although abo and rh are the most important systems in transfusion medicine, many other blood group anti. The abo blood group system consists of four antigens a, b, o and ab. The most commonly occurring of these is the p 1 phenotype, which displays all three p antigens. It has also been recognized that a potent antia or antib in donor blood of group o may destroy the a or b red cells of a nono recipient.
This section will cover the major blood group systems, some of the other blood group systems and will also include information on hla and notes on platelet antigens. P blood group system, classification of human blood based on the presence of any of three substances known as the p, p 1, and p k antigens on the surfaces of red blood cells. Antikell is the most clinically significant antibody within this system. Among the 19 different human blood group systems, the group abo is the most important. Blood grouping and crossmatching is one of the few important tests that the anaesthesiologist orders during perioperative period. E antigen 004003 advantage over rosenfield is that it is a purely numeric system, which is easier for data processing. Case report1 18 years male, diagnosed case of rhd with ar admitted for aortic valve replacement no history of previous blood transfusion 4 units of fresh prbc requested pretransfusion testing blood group o rh positive 4 units of o rh positive compatible blood crossmatched beenu thakral,ashish jain,karan saluja. Randomly selected 123 regular blood donors of o group were phenotyped for seven blood group systems by direct tube agglutination and or indirect antiglobulin tests. Although some references will be made to the molecular structures, the detailed molecular structures and recent advances in dna technology are not within the scope of this publication. Rh blood group is assigned the prefix 004 each antigen assigned to the rh blood group is given a unique number to complete the six digit number. Advances in research technologies in the past few years have made it possible to identify three new blood group systems. The blood group antigen factsbook winner of a 20 highly commended bma medical book award for internal medicine has been an essential resource in the hematology, transfusion and immunogenetics fields since its first publication in the late 1990s.
Characterisation of rh and other blood group systems. The antigens m and n are codominant alleles that are closely linked to the s and s antigens, which are also codominant. This course can also be used for cls schools for academic instruction or could be used as a basic orientation for mt and mlt students who are beginning their blood bank. Rita mirakian, in encyclopedia of immunology second edition, 1998. However, the gene encoding the i beta1,6nacetyl glucosamine transferase i beta1,6glcnact, gcnt2 responsible for converting i active straight chains of carbohydrates to iactive branched chains has been cloned bierhuizen et al. Ii blood group system, classification of human blood based on the presence of antigens i and i on the surface of red blood cells. Major blood group systems lewis i p mnss kell kidd duffy. Alloantibodies produced by exposure to blood of a different group by transfusion or pregnancy can cause transfusion reactions, haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn hdfn or problems in selecting blood for. The ii blood group system is associated with cold antibodies antibodies that function only at temperatures below normal body heat and several blood diseases.
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